Corporate governance Essay Example for Free

Corporate system EssayIntroductionCorporate governance refers to a schema of mostly rules, practices as s surface as procedures that direct as well as control a company. In most cases it involves the balancing of all the stakeholders that induct an interest in the company including the management, shareholders, government, the community to mention but a few depending on the company. Essentially, corporate governance provides a framework that if followed will ease the company attain its objective in an all round manner.Though a relatively new phenomenon, this concept has been able to take the world by storm with countries that give embraced it turning in a lot of development that their counterparts. The embracing as well as the internalization of corporate governance by different countries has been able to foster growth and development while creating a business friendly environment in which companies can co-exist with the state as well as the communities in which they opera te (Fernando, 2009, p.23).Case study the coupled StatesAs recent as 2002, the United States enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley bill into law making it an act. This was ushered in to quicken the publics confidence in companies and markets. Prior to this act, there had been a string of bankrupted high profile companies that had been brought down by internal accounting fraud. This left(p) a twist that ensured that the companies would essentially be governed by state laws and therefore failure due to breach of such laws would be answerable to the government. This ensures that not further are the interests of the company shareholders protected but that then community that usually benefits from activities such as employment are also taken care off. Thus, the res publica has over years adopted different legislations both at the federal as well as state level that ensure that corporate governance is fully realized in the state.Therefore, from the United States, the UK can learn to enact strong legislations that would act as a guidelines to both state as well as the companies and any other(a) stakeholders of the importance of embracing corporate governance. This would also serve the purpose of regulating corporations that will then have to acknowledge the incident that rules have been put in place and therefore have to be followed and that failure of compliance would lead to outlined penalties (Chew Gillan, 2009, p. 3).Case study IndiaIndia, unlike the United States, has created a committee that deals with corporate governance know as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The board that in most cases takes on a trustee fibre for all the companies in India was created through the adoption of SEBI Act, 1992. The act gives the body statutory powers to be able to carry out its duties and functions. These approach adopted in India is believed to have been adopted from the Ghanaian principle of trusteeship and that it is a directive of the Indian constitution w ith a little twist in between. The preamble of the body is to among other functions to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the growth (Das, 2008, p. 7).ReferenceChew, D. H., Gillan, S. L. 2009. U.S. corporate governance. late York, N.Y., Columbia University Press.Das, S. C. 2008. Corporate governance in India an evaluation. New Delhi, Prentice-Hall of India.Fernando, A. C. 2009. Corporate governance principles, policies and practices. New Delhi, Pearson Education.

Is Money Evil Essay Example for Free

Is Money Evil EssayMost people have heard of the joint Money is the foot of either evil. Often people will think this phrase is not true. In this society, everybody needs money to survive. Money rules over everything. Without it, you cannot purchase anything at all(prenominal). So how can money be the root of all evil when life would be miserable without money?With money, you can support your family members, help friends with income problems or horizontal donating to the needy people and have a higher standard of living. So the more money you have, the more you make your creative activity a better rear to live. However, for every advantage, disadvantages will also apply. The same goes for money, when there are benefits but there will also be setbacks. So then starts the origin of the phrase Money is the root of all evil.People can get so obsessed with money so much so that their character changes. A father can resort to violence to his family members, causing dis coiffur ees resulting in his family to be broken due to financial problems. Because of money obsession, friends often betray one another(prenominal) over small money issues. When a person is overwhelmed by money, he tends to be greedy and chooses to rather lose his dignity over money.In the world today, there are many increasingly reported cases of theft, robbery and even murder cases due to money disputes as well as reports of siblings fighting against distributively other for their fathers inheritance. There are also cases whereby people murdered their love ones to claim the insurance money and also cases of people cosmos cheated and conned out of money. There are also cases of kidnapping as well, kidnappers will then blackmail the victims family.Because of the greediness in people, money became a temptation on why people get addicted into gambling. Buying lottery, betting on horse racing and football matches, getting into the casino is all for the purpose of thinking to make lots of mo ney in just a matter of time. In the hope of making big money, gamble addicts put all their money on stake. Most of them ended up losing all their savings and therefore they went to borrow more money from creditors to continue their habit of gambling. preferably of winning back their savings, they will probably lose all their money they had borrowed and ended up in more debts. Some were even pushed to the edge and pull suicide.Money is so tempting that people are willing to do anything for it. Some women are even willing to go into prostitution just to make water money for materialistic goods. Corrupted officials took bribes, using money in exchange for unfair advantages. People as young as in their teens would steal goods and bargain them for money. Just think of how people are willing to risk their lives and ruin their future for the sake of having more money in their hands.The influence of money is so great that it affects everybody, even children as young as ten years old. T here are reports in schools whereby school bullies exhorted money from their school mates, threatening to sustain them if they do not comply. Cases of theft within the family are also largely increasing due to the influence of money. Teenagers stole money from their parents to purchase materialistic items to campaign their own needs.Money is so important to people that they can even neglect their own families. A father had to work hard outside to name more money and seldom have the time to spend with his wife and children. Eventually, his wife and children would only see him as someone who provides money and hence there would not be any strong bonding between them.Money revolves around the world. The phrase money is the root of all evil meant that money issues is the main(prenominal) cause of the many problems faced in life. If you let the money take control of you, you would be obsessed with it and think that your money is never enough. It influences people generations by gener ations and can cause one to lose his conscience and humanity. Money is the one that manifests the evil in people hearts. So therefore shows why money is the root of all evil.

What Is Critical Reflection Education Essay

What Is Critical Reflection Education EssayIn the report get-go of all to study what is critical check, define what is reflection, through to compulsion or voluntarism, employer or idiosyncratic responsibility, personal and determine research the reflection of the role and value. seek how to realize the critical reflection, define what ar CPD and PDP. People in sure overwork environment how to accu ordinately use critical reflection, make critical reflection and CPD, PDP together, through the leadership readinesss, communication skills and problem solving skills, critical reflection and other aspects of the in-depth summary. The last, write down my own personal maturement plan, through the strengths, weakness, fortune and terrors analyze my future development. From the report draw a conclusion.2.0 IntroductionCritical reflection has great value in the aras of personal and maestro development. Continuing professional development is a means by which one nominate maintai n a competitive edge in their professional lives (Bourgeois 2011). This should be accompanied by personal development which provide complicate the improvement of ones skill set in order to add value to ones own life as fountainhead as their professional life.Reflection involves analyzing our acquaintance and survives critically. Reflective practice is the practical occupation of the results of reflection. It entails the one-on-one identifying the patterns of thought that have been applied to our previous actions and how they will preserve our growth and development going forward (Guralnik 2009). The difference between the two lies in the aim of reflective practice to improve the musical mode in which you work rather than just understanding it, which is what reflection aims to do.The pop the question of reflection and reflective practice is self-understanding and improvement. An individual reflects upon their thoughts and subsequent actions in the workplace with an aim to im prove upon them (Welich 2007). By taking part in this process, an individual is hence able to understand their own shortcomings and improve them by applying wise strategies.These are valuable to both an individual and the organization in which he/she is based. When an individual is able to improve their own actions through reflective practice, it benefits both themselves and their organization (Mintzberg 2009). Self-improvement of individual workers leads them to be more than productive and efficient in the work place. This in turn leads to a more productive work place, especially if all the employees within an organization are encouraged to use reflective practice (Baidu 2010).3.0 Continuing Professional suppuration (CPD)Continuing professional development can be seen as a admit result of critical reflection. Once one reflects critically on their professional capabilities and goals, then they are able to start the process of CPD. It is important to understand several(prenomina l) concepts involved with CPD. in that location are four constitutes in the CPD cycle reflection on practice, planning, action, and evaluation. These four stages take place in a cyclic manner (Slack 2001). Reflection on practice involves an individuals identification of what he or she needfully to learn or be able to do in the professional environment. An individual critically reflects on his/her own professional practice (Pyme Administrate Hoy 2010). This will include what is being done right and what requires improvement. Depending on the individuals profession, this may include certain techniques and procedures that have come up within their area of expertise.Planning involves the specific actions that are taken by the individual to learn the things which he or she has identified in the reflection on practice stage. After the specific areas of focus have been identified, then the individual comes up with the best way for him/her to learn. This may be through personal endeavors or by seeking professional assistance e.g. through seminars (.Jummal 1999) At this intimate, the areas of improvement have been identified and the necessary cognition acquired. The next stage is action. This involves the implementation of the new knowledge in a professional setting. An individual acquires knowledge that will help improve their professional lives and the application of this knowledge in the work place is important to CPD (Lewis and Green 1998). If what was learned is not applied, then the two aforementioned stages will have been for nothing.The fourth stage is evaluation. This is a reflection on what has been learned as well as its application. The individual can now evaluate what benefits, if any the learned and applied knowledge is benefitting his/her professional practice. They are then able to gauge the success of the effort that they have put towards CPD. The cyclic nature of CPD means that after a while, it will be necessary to begin the process again by refl ecting on current practice (Porter 2000). This may overlap with the fourth stage of evaluation.3.1 CPD paradoxes and dilemmasThere are several paradoxes that have been identified in CPD. Have explored these paradoxical concepts through their review of the work as follows3.1.1 Compulsion or VoluntarismThis applies to whether the pursuit of CPD is voluntary or by compulsion. The reason for CPD is an important factor that give ways towards ones dedication to it (Garner and Boulton 2011).3.1.2 Employer or Individual ResponsibilityThere is both an individual responsibility as well as one for the employer when it comes to CPD. The employer needs to create an environment that is conducive to CPD (Scales 2011). The individuals responsibility in this case is to pursue CPD within the tenets provided by the employer. Without dedication from both the employer and the individual, CPD cannot successfully occur.3.1.3 direction or knowledgeWhen an individual is taught something, they need to be able not only to learn it in theory, unless also to apply it in practice. There needs to be a connection between the experiences on the ground and what is taught to the learner, which may not always happen (Megginson and Whitaker 2003) .3.1.4 manner Purpose or Life ExperienceLife experience in CPD requires the individual to reflect on the path that has led them to the present position. Life purpose involves reflection on the purpose of ones life, both professionally and personally to intensify the effects of CPD (Pickering 2011).3.1.5 Personal Development or Organizational LearningAn organization is incapable of teaching. Only the people running(a) within that organization are able to learn and improve (Headley 2010). CPD must therefore begin with personal development of individuals that will later lend itself to organisational improvement.3.1.6 Values Driven or Pragmatic DevelopmentWithin an organization, development can either be driven by pragmatic concerns or those of the va lues held by the organization. Those developments based on the organizations values are consistent and can hold true over eon. On the other hand, those driven by speedy pragmatic concerns such as profit tend to change from time to time and employees might find them hard to adhere to (Mauborgne 2009). They may even at times be contrary to the individuals CPD and the organizations values.3.1.7 Journey or ExplorationCPD can either be based on preset achievements or goals or can seek improvement without necessarily setting out the final goal. The type applied depends on an individuals preference, time constraints, and the flexibility of the organization in which he/she is based.4.0 Learning TheoriesThere are several theories related to the manner in which individuals learn. It is important for an individual to understand these theories and relate them to his/her own way of encyclopaedism (Williamson2011) . Understanding ones learning style preferences is important to personal and pro fessional development because it will assist in the planning stage of the CPD, as well as PDP.Maslows Hierarchy of ask According to Maslows hierarchy of needs, there is a certain order in which ones needs must be met. These needs are arranged in a pyramid, with the most necessary needs at the bottom of the pyramid and the least necessary needs at the top.CPD and PDP are related to the final two needs described in Maslows hierarchy. More specifically, CPD can be likened to a pursuit of ones responsibilities in the workplace while PDP can be associated with personal growth and fulfillment. In keeping with Maslows hierarchy, it is therefore important to pay attention to the needs that come before esteem and self-actualization in order to be able to pursue PDP and CPD.Dunn and Dunns learning Styles According to Dunn and Dunn, there are certain stimuli that should be used to stimulate learners (Slack 2011). A further classification provided by Dunn and Dunn divide these stimuli into fiv e segments i.e. environmental, emotional, sociological, psychological, and physiological (Dunn and Dunn 2003). The rate of learning and retention is influenced by more than just an individuals level of intelligence.When the vark styles are taken into consideration, then it is clear that some teaching methods are rectify suit for specific learners. Visual learners find teaching methods that include visual aids favorable to learning. Auditory learners prefer to listen (Administrate Hoy 2010). Reader or author learners like to refer to books and take down notes. Kinesthetic learners learn by doing. They rely mostly on their sense of touch. There are instances where a learners favored mode consists of two or more of those described above.Experiential Learning Experiential learning can either involve learning through experience or applying what one has learned instantly to a pertinent setting. According to Kolb and Fry (1976), learning involves a cycle that includes experience, obser vation and experience, forming abstract concepts, and testing new situations. The cycle can begin at any one of these four points. Just because experience is mentioned first does not mean that it is always the first timber in the cycle.5.0 Personal Development Plan (PDP)Through reflection and reflective practice, it is then possible to come up with a personal development plan. A personal development plan is not necessarily completely independent of CPD. One may view some areas of PDP such as act command to be in line with certain goals within PDP. Learning is a continuous life event (Mathews and Seott 2002). There is not a single time in the course of ones lifetime that one can stop learning. This is especially due to the fact that human beings learn through life experiences.The starting point in examining my own learning cycle would begin with experience and knowledge up to the present. This includes educational background and professional experience (Porter 2011). There are cer tain experiences that have great value in teaching of new skills, or perhaps pointing out flaws in my own preferred process.5.1 My Own Personal Development Plan (PDP)It is important for an individual to have a PDP that reflects their own knowledge, experiences, and aspirations. There are two major things involved in my PDP. These include personal skill development and professional advancement. These two are interrelated because in pursuing personal skill development through learning and education (Willianmson 2010), I will at the same time increase my chances for professional advancement.My PDP will reflect the interrelated nature of PDP and CPD, and as such involve milestones in the PDP that will contribute towards CPD and professional advancement. The future includes continuous learning. This will be facilitated through seeking educational opportunities such as seminars (Crawford 2008). It will also involve a personal dedication to continuous learning through constant reading of r elevant informative websites and blogs. A great advantage of this avenue is that it is up to date with some(prenominal) websites and blogs being updated at least once a week if not more (Anna 2000). Blogs and websites also provide a more relaxed and interactive learning standard pressure than seminars and other formal learning environments.5.2 My Future PlanIn the future, I want to be a hotel manager in China. Using the SWOT analysis method, developing my knowledge and skills, I will be able to apply this newly acquired expertise in my professional life (Secord 2010). In keeping with Maslows hierarchy, pursuing self-actualization needs will by extension also help me meet my esteem needs at the professional level. PDP takes precedence over CPD because personal development.Strengths As a hotel manager, my biggest advantage is good at communicating with others. Hotel service industry is the biggest characteristic of regular and customer communication, understanding of customer ideas, better service to customers. As a hotel manager, and customer communication is important, but it is more important to know how to communicate with staff. Concerned about the staffs daily life, on the staff of the outstanding surgical procedure to give praise, when employees have errors, should not blindly criticize, but education and help employees. In the usual to allow employees to feel they are valued. Through the staff and guests communication, better management of the hotel.Weakness Doing all the things before, I will first think of all possible scenarios, and to make corresponding arrangement. Hotel service industries, this weakness causes my usual workload is too big, spending too much time, effort and employees in a little thing. Often this is not conducive to the normal operation of the hotel.Opportunity In China, tourism industry is very developed, in recent years, the tourism industry is on a new level, and the development of tourism industry will raise the development of hotel industry. But I have practical experience, to Chinas hotel industry has some understanding, for newly graduated students, I have to quickly adapt to the hotel service work. A lot of the hotel catering and housekeeping departments just hire some nonprofessional staff training after work, a lack of professional personnel. I as a hotel management graduate students, to the hotel service industry has deep understanding, can quickly into the work.Threats Although the hotel management in China is a new type of occupation, but as China Tourism and hotel service industry development, more and more technical talents, but the hotel management job is really limited, for me it is a great threat to. So Im supposed to work at the same time many self-promotion, pay attention to the development of personal skills, at the same time the accrual of experience and knowledge, in the remain invincible in the work.6.0 ConclusionReflective practice is the starting point of both PDP and CPD. Throu gh critically analyzing ones knowledge and experiences, it is then possible to come up with a valid plan that will lead to self-improvement (Bourgeois 2010). It is important to note that PDP and CPD are not mutually exclusive. twain involve critical reflection on past experience and coming up with a plan for improvement (Sarasvathy 2012). At times, pursuing ones personal development goals such as seeking education can advance CPD in an individuals career. It is therefore important to pay close attention to both PDP and CPD.

Choroidal Neovascular Membrane Associated with Sildenafil

Choroidal Neovascular Membrane Associated with SildenafilCHOROIDAL NEOVASCULAR MEMBRANE ASSOCIATED WITH SILDENAFILErectile dys persona is an important problem among men aged 40 eld and older. More than half of all men in this broad age group experience some degree of erectile disfunction. Thus, the provision of an orally administrated in force(p) treatment in the form of sildenafil represents a major therapeutic advantage.(1)Choroidal neovascular membrane (CNV) is ultimately the result of a break in a geomorphologic layer beneath the retina known as Bruchs membrane, which separates the nourishing vascular layer called the choroid from the retina. A break in Bruchs membrane whitethorn allow the ingrowth of vessels from the choroid to a position just beneath the retina.(2)Ocular posture effects are not uncommon when sildenafil is used. Minor side effects include pupillary dilation, conjunctival injection (redness), sensitivity to light (photophobia), and dryness. Visual function st udies in wellnessy subjects and in affected role roles with eye disease raise that sildenafil does not affect visual acuity, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity. Transient, mild impairment of polish discrimination can occur around the time of spot plasma levels.(3-7)The purpose of the present case report is to describe a patient who developed CNV after ingestion of Sildenafil for erectile dysfunction.CASE publishThe patient was a 53-year old male who presented with a blurred and loss of vision in the proficient eye. His physical examination did not reveal both significant signs. The patient was fit and healthy otherwise and had no history of glaucoma, diabetes, hypertension, or other systemic vascular disease. Visual acuity was 4/10 in the right eye and 10/10 in the left eye. Anterior segment examination was normal. Fundus examination of the right eye revealed that the macula swiftness temporal quadrant was characterized by hemorrhagia and an elevated area (Figure 1A), the left eye revealed an atrophic area outside the macula. The FA of the patient revealed an area of glossy hyperfluorescence in the azoic phase and leaks in the late phase (Figure 1B). A diagnosis of CNV was made. Argon laser photocoagulation was applied on the right eye. The patient did not suffer until 6 months after the laser application and the visual acuity in the right eye had increased up to 9/10. However, 6 months after the laser application, the patient noted loss of vision in the right eye. Argon laser photocoagulation was applied again. The control FA of the patient did not reveal a leakage of the patsy on the right eye (Figure 2). The visual acuity of the patient was 10/10 bilaterally and he didnt reveal any complaints.After 3 years, the patient was referred to our clinic with blurred and loss of vision in the left eye and when the patient underwent rigorous historical questioning, he noted that all his complaints were revealed with the use of 50 mg sildenafil. He sa id that he had taken 50 mg sildenafil before his complaints were revealed. His visual acuity was 10/10 in the right eye and 4/10 in the left eye. The FA revealed CNV and photodynamic therapy and intravitreal anti-VEGF injection were applied to his left eye (Figure 3).DISCUSSIONIn this study we present a patient with CNV associated with sildenafil use. CNV is ultimately the result of a break in a structural layer beneath the retina known as Bruchs membrane, which separates the nourishing vascular layer called the choroid from the retina. A break in Bruchs membrane may allow the ingrowth of vessels from the choroid to a position just beneath the retina .2 These vessels may then leak fluid or blood, initially distorting or blurring vision, and may eventually lead to scarring in the macula and severe loss of central vision. CNV is associated with umpteen diseases. The most common causes are age- associate macular degeneration (AMD), presumed inflammatory and infectious conditions, myop ic macular degeneration, trauma, angioid streaks and laser therapy, however many cases are idiopathic.(2)Sildenafil is a potent and discriminating inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), an enzyme expressed throughout the smooth bodybuilder of the vasculature.3 Through this mechanism, sildenafil potentiates the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway that mediates corpus cavernosum smooth muscle relaxation and thereby significantly improves penile blood flow. Basic science and clinical research have effectively documented the effects of sildenafil on the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Sildenafil also has a weaker inhibitory action on PDE6, located in the rod and cone photoreceptors.Modest, transient visual symptoms, typically sullen tinge to vision, increased brightness of lights, and blurry vision, have been reported with sildenafil use and occur more frequently at higher doses. Visual function studies in healthy subjects and in pa tients with eye disease suggest that sildenafil does not affect visual acuity, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity.(5,6) Transient, mild impairment of color discrimination can occur around the time of peak plasma levels. However, we were not able to find any case of CNV associated with sildenafil use in the literature. Sildenafil induces angiogenic response in human coronary arteriolar endothelial growth factor (VEGF).(7) The same mechanism may be available on the retina and sildenafil may increase the levels of VEGF. This issue requires further studies and patients with CNV should be questioned about the use of sildenafil.Patients should consult with an ophthalmologist if there is any question about the health of their eyes prior to using sildenafil.REFERENCESIrwin Goldstei, Tom F. Lue, Harin Padma-Nathan et al. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction N Engl J Med 1998 3381397-1404Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Fine SL. Age related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthal mol 198832375-413.Michael F. Marmor, Robert Kesler. Sildenafil and Ophthalmology. Survey of Ophthalmology 199944153-162.Alan M. Laties, Eberhart Zrenner. Viagra and Ophthalmology. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 200221485-506Dndar SO. Visual loss associated with erectile dysfunction drugs. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 200742(1)10-12Zrenner E, Koppiker NP, Smith MD, Constable I, Littlewood R, Stuckey B. The effects of long-term sildenafil treatment on ocular safety in patients with erectile dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 200041S592.Vidavalur R, Penumathsa SV, Zhal L. Sildenafil induces angiogenic response in human coronary arteriolar endothelial cells through the expression of thioredoxin, hemeoxygenase and vascular endothelial growth factor. Vascul Pharmacol. 20064591-95. mental image FOR LEGENDSFIGURE 1A Fundus examination of the right eye revealed that the macula upper temporal quadrant was characterized by hemorrhagia and an elevated areaFIGURE 1B The FA on the right eye of the patient revealed an area of bright hyperfluorescence in the early phase and leaks in the late phaseFIGURE 2 The control FA of the patient did not reveal a leakage of the scar on the right eye after laser photocoagulation was applied.FIGURE 3 The FA on the left eye of the patient revealed an area of bright hyperfluorescence in the early phase and leaks in the late phase

Compassion Fatigue Analysis Health And Social Care Essay

Compassion Fatigue Analysis Health And Social C are EssayNowadays, after partcel misfortunes, fightfare, violent crime, acts of terrorism, domestic violence and child abuse are circumstances that signifi female genitalstly impact purport in modern society (Bush, 2009). These events necessitate paid exponents to effectively treat the trauma associated with these personal and societal crises. When counsel are therapeutically engaged with a child or adult who has been traumatized or encounter with the trauma survivor, he or she whitethorn be at jeopardize to intrusive thoughts, parryance, negative affect and stricken psychological laddering (Chrestman, 1995). Therefore, exponents are vulnerable to tenderness fag. The concept of favor break emerged only in the last several years in the professional literature. It represents the cost of caring about and for traumatized people (Adams et al., 2006 Figley, 2002).1.1 Definition of ruth fatigueSome authors identified pity fa tigue as a state in which a counselor-at-law lacks of excited strength, exhaustion, lie with languor, and loss of vitality and energy (Alkema, Linton, Davies, 2008). In opposite words, it may be understand as a sense of cosmos tired of helping others and finding it difficult to act out of pity. Additionally, some experts view lenience fatigue as a hazard associated primarily with mental health clinicians and with first responders to natural and human made disaster such as chinaware earthquake and incident of 9/11 (Boscarino, Figley, Adams, 2004). Among the helping professions, genetic counselors cl proto(prenominal) do witness much pain and distraint, and may fall prey to gentleness fatigue (Udipi, Veach, Kao, LeRoy, 2008).According to Fidley (1993) as cited in Figley (2002), forgiveness fatigue or secondary traumatic stress (STS) can be define as the natural consequence behaviors and emotions resulting from knowing about a traumatizing event experienced by a significa nt other-the stress resulting from helping or wanting to help a traumatized or throe person. As Figley (2002) pointed out, compassion fatigue is identical to secondary traumatic stress unhinge (STSD) and is the equivalent of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Figley, 2002). More all over, compassion fatigue is also recognized as secondary traumatization, secondary traumatic stress disorder, or vicarious traumatization within professional literature (Figley, 2002 Hofmann, 2009).1.2 historic Background of Compassion FatigueThe study of traumatic events and their subsequent impact on human universes has gr piss considerably over the past two decades. Since the early 1980s, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (APPENDIX A) has recognized both cutting and Post Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) as identifiable mental health concerns (Alkema et al., 2002). in any event that, according to the nonion stated in criterion A1 of the PTSD diagnosis, it cle arly indicates that people can go bad the symptoms of PTSD without actually being physically harmed or threatened with harm (Alkema et al., 2008 Figley, 2002). That is, people can be traumatized simply by learning about the traumatic event. However, according to a review of the traumatology literature, it recognise to a conclusion that nearly all of the hundreds of reports focusing on traumatized people exclude those who were traumatized in straightaway or secondarily and only focus on those who were directly traumatized, that is, the victims (Craig Sprang, 2010 Figley, 2002). As a result, after more(prenominal) than a decade of negligence of the indirect traumatized people, it is important to consider the least studied aspect of traumatized stress, which is secondary traumatic stress (STS) or later, compassion fatigue.The term compassion fatigue was utilise as far back as 1990, the news media in the United States used compassion fatigue to describe the publics lack of patience , or perhaps simply the editors lack of patience, with the homeless problem, which had previously been presented as an anomaly or even a crisis which had only existed for a short time and could presumably be solved somehow. Later on in 1992, Joinson first used the term in print, in discussing burnout among nurses who deal with hospital emergencies, counselor, emergency diddleers and other professionals who experience STS in the line of duty (Dominguez-Gomez Rutledge, 2009). That same year Jeffrey Kottler (1992), in his book, Compassionate Therapy, emphasize the importance of compassion in dealing with extremely difficult and resistant patients. Additionally, compassion fatigue has been studied by the field of traumatology, where it has been called the cost of caring for people facing emotional pain (Boscarino et al., 2004 Hofmann, 2009).Furthermore, one of the first earliest references in the scientific literature regarding this cost of caring comes from Carl G. Jung in The Psycho logy of Dementia Praecox. In this text, Jung discusses the challenges of countertransference the therapists conscious and unconscious reactions to the patient in the therapeutic situation. In his text, he pointed out that therapist can treat their patients with schizophrenia by participates in the delusional fantasies and hallucinations with the patient. Nevertheless, he warns that this connection in the patients darkly painful fantasy world of traumatic images has significant deleterious effects for the therapist especially when the therapist has not resolved his/her own developmental and traumatic issues (Craig Sprang, 2010 Figley, 2002).1.3 Statistic of compassion fatigue on counselorsThroughout the years, the number of natural and technological disasters was on the rise, therefore, studies of the effects of disaster events on both the victims and the disaster responders increased (Boscarino, Adams, Figley, 2006 Bush, 2009). Many questioners focus on those professionals who provide therapy to victims of trauma such as trauma counselors, crisis workers, nurses and other dish outgivers who become victims themselves of secondary traumatic stress (STS) or compassion fatigue (Bourassa, 2009 Coetzee Klopper, 2010 Figley, 2002).Studies which focus on examine the psychological impacts of providing mental health counseling to the disasters victims had found out that counselors were psychologically affected by their work, whether or not they personally experienced the disaster (Martin et al., 2010). For instance, as Myers and Wee (2005) pointed out, nearly three-quarters (73.5%) of counselors were rated as being at try of compassion fatigue, which include moderate risk (23.5%), high risk (29.4%), and extremely high risk (20.6%) in their study of the psychological impact on counselors who work with the trauma survivors of the Oklahoma City bombardment (Myers Wee, 2005) Furthermore, Meldrum et al. (2002) found that 27% of a sample of Australian mental health professions who worked with traumatized individuals reported extreme stress from this type of work (Meldrum, King, Spooner, 2002).In a research article that throw away been done by Arvay and Uhlemann (1996) using a sample of 161 trauma counselors in British Columbia, they found out that 24% of the counselors interviewed perceived life as stressful. Sixteen percent reported high levels of emotional exhaustion, 4% reported levels of depersonalization and 26% reported feeling ineffective at work in terms of professional accomplishment (Arvay Uhlemann, 1996). Fourteen percent of the sample reported traumatic stress levels similar to PTSD. In their article, Arvay and Uhlemann (1996) also pointed out that the impaired counselor was in his or her early 40s, held less than a masters degree and was more likely to work for an agency than in a hole-and-corner(a) setting. Additionally, Sprang et al. (2007) also found out that young female with higher educational degree and less experience in clinical settings predicted elevated levels compassion fatigue in the studys sample of 1,121 mental health providers (Sprang, Clark, Whitt-Woosley, 2007).1.4 Causes of compassion fatigueAccording to Figley (2002), compassion fatigue occurs when one is exposed to extreme events directly experienced by another and becomes overwhelmed by this secondary exposure to trauma. Thus, counselors who always listen to reports of trauma, horror, human cruelty and extreme loss of their clients are at high risk of experience compassion fatigue.In effective counseling, controlled reactivation of the traumatic memories is promoted by many interventions or forms of psychotherapeutics due to in the prevailing opinion among psychotherapists working through and through the traumatic events is beneficial to the client (Craig Sprang, 2010 Kinzel Nanson, 2000). For instance, in behavior therapy, clients are asked to confront with stimuli relating to the traumatic events through returning to a crime scene (in vivo) or imagining the events of the crime (in sensu) (Craig Sprang, 2010). However, psychotherapy work with torture victims is potentially harmful to the therapist and can lead to compassion fatigue although working through the traumatic events experienced by a sufferer of PTSD seems to be beneficial to the client.Undeniably, empathy allows counselors to relate to others in their care and to have a sense of what their clients are feeling. Moreover, it also helps the counselors to put the clients experiences into perspective and rationality how the clients are being affected by the incidents which the counselors are trying to mediate (Meadors et al., 2009). In brief, in an effective counseling, empathy understanding is necessary. too that, counselors, by the very spirit of their work, are called on to be kind-hearted toward their clients on a daily basis (Meadors et al., 2009 Pickett, Brennan, Greenberg, Licht, Worrell, 1994). However, the more compassionate and emp athetic a counselor is toward the suffering of the traumatized person, the more vulnerable that counselor is to compassion fatigue. It is due to compassion fatigue is based on the idea of a syndrome resulting specifically from empathizing with people who are experiencing pain and suffering counselor can become overwhelmed and may begin to experience feelings of fear, pain and suffering similar to that of their clients (Figley, 2002 Meadors et al., 2009).As Alkema et al. (2008) pointed out, the common situations of counselor that can lead to compassion fatigue include 1) listening to stories of child abuse 2) working with suicidal ideation, 3) interacting with the terminally ill 4) responding with humanitarian help oneself in situations like disaster, poverty, or war 5) caring for families with an injured or dying child 6) providing support for survivors of rape and 7) providing services for bereaved families.It is important to seam that the sense of being overwhelmed or picture t o compassion fatigue is subjective, meaning that what overwhelms one counselor, may not necessarily overwhelm another. Additionally, even one story that overwhelms the counselors cogency to make sense of the event, can lead to compassion fatigue symptoms (Alkema et al., 2008 Bush, 2009). Therefore, it is essential for the counselor to recognize compassion fatigue symptoms in themselves and their coworkers in turn to provide any emergency aid if needed.1.5 Symptoms of compassion fatigueThe symptoms of compassion fatigue vary in intensity depending on counselor characteristics and the characteristics of the client population. The resulting symptoms of compassion fatigue typically have an acute onset and are usually associated with a particular event (Stamm, 2005). Symptoms may include being afraid, having intrusive images enter the persons attention, having trouble sleeping, or avoiding situations that remind the individual of the event (Tehrani, 2010).Moreover, compassion fatigue ca n have negative impact on spiritual development of counselor due to in some cases, counselor are psychologically bombarded by the traumatic recollections, emotional suffering, and psychological pain brought by their clients into session. A counselor might begin doubting his/her values, might contain anger or bitterness toward God, and begin withdrawing from fellowship (Udipi et al., 2008). Furthermore, the range of counselor behaviors indicating compassion fatigue can include spending less time with clients, being late and absent from work, making professional errors, being hypercritical of others, making sarcastic and cynical comments about clients and the organization, abusing chemicals, and keeping poor records (Stewart, 2009 Tehrani, 2010). In addition, compassion fatigue also can manifest as physical symptoms such as rapid pulse, sleep disturbance, fatigue, reduced resistance to infection, weakness and dizziness, memory problems, weight change, GI complaints, hypertension, an d head-aches, backaches, or muscle aches (Meadors et al., 2009)According to Stewart (2009), for people exposed to primary stressors (i.e., client) and for those exposed to secondary stressors, there is a fundamental difference between the pattern of solvent during and following the traumatic event. Researches indicate the symptoms of secondary traumatic stress disorder (STSD) or compassion fatigue is nearly identical to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), ask out that PTSD symptoms are directly connected to the sufferer (e.g., client), yet STSD symptoms is associated with a exposure to knowledge about traumatizing event experienced by the people who care (e.g., counselor). Moreover, as Fidley (2002) pointed out, symptoms of compassion fatigue can be divided into categories of intrusive, avoidance, and arousal symptoms.Table 1 Compassion fatigue symptomsIntrusive SymptomsThoughts and images associated with clients traumatic experiencesObsessive and lordly desire to help certain clientsClient/work issues encroaching upon personal timeInability to let go of work-related mattersPerception of survivors as fragile and needing the tending of the caregiverThoughts and feelings of inadequacy as a caregiverSense of entitlement or specialnessPerception of the world in terms of victims and perpetratorsPersonal activities interrupted by work-related issuesAvoidance SymptomsSilencing Response (avoiding hearing/witnessing clients traumatic material)Loss of enjoyment in activities/cessation of self-care activitiesLoss of energyLoss of hope/sense of dread working with certain clientsLoss of sense of competence/potencyIsolationSecretive self-medication/addiction (alcohol, drugs, work, sex, food, spending, etc.)Relational dysfunctionArousal Symptomsincrease anxietyImpulsivity/reactivityIncreased perception of demand/threat (in both job and environment)Increased frustration/angerSleep disturbanceDifficulty concentratingChange in weight/appetenceSomatic symptoms1.6 Measurin g compassion fatigueIt is essential to assess for compassion fatigue symptoms in the caregiver especially for counselors who work with those traumatized clients (Hofmann, 2009 Stamm, 2005) Thus, certain reliable putz is needed to use to measure the degree of compassion fatigue in counselors. It is mainly due to through the scoring of the instrument, it can give the counselor of import feedback or insight of their exposure level to compassion fatigue (Adams et al., 2008 Stamm, 2005). Besides that, an examination of the history of the counselor is also a critical step in treating compassion fatigue as researchers have found that a personal history of a traumatic experience can contri only whene to the experience of compassion fatigue (Adams, Figley, Boscarino, 2008). Thus, compassion fatigue counselors can assist their co-workers to examine the role that their previous traumatic material has on making them vulnerable to the experience of compassion fatigue. For instance, the Profe ssional feel of Life Scale Compassion Satisfaction and Subscales (ProQOL) have been widely used in assessing secondary/vicarious trauma (Bride, Radey, Figley, 2007).Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) ProQOL is a 30 item self-report measure to assess the dimensions compassion satisfaction, burn-out and compassion fatigue (APPENDIX A). The compassion satisfaction dimension (CS) measures pleasure derived from being able to do the daily work substantially where higher scores on this scale represent a greater satisfaction related to ones ability to be an effective caregiver. Besides that, the burnout dimension (BO) in this scale is associated with feelings of hopelessness and difficulties in dealing with work. Higher scores are related to higher risk for burnout. Moreover, the compassion fatigue dimension (CF) relates to work-related secondary exposure to extremely stressful events. High scores indicate that ones are exposed to frightening experiences at work. The important reliabilities for the scales are 1) Compassion Satisfaction alpha = .87, 2) Burnout alpha = .72 and 3) Compassion Fatigue alpha = .80. Additionally, the construct validity upon which the test is based is well established with over 200 articles noted in the peer-review literature. Using the multi-trait multi-method mode for convergent and discriminant validity the scales on the ProQOL do, in fact, measure different constructs (Adams et al., 2008 Bride et al., 2007).1.7 Consequences of compassion fatigueResearches have indicated for those counselors who have the greatest capacity for feeling and expressing empathy are at the greatest risk from experiencing secondary traumatic stress or compassion fatigue (Alkema et al., 2008). Furthermore, it has been recognized that counselors suffering from compassion fatigue may be engaged in impaired or unethical practice. Those counselors may become worried with their patients/clients and exhibit signs and symptoms that are not beneficial to opti mal patient/client care. It can negatively affect the ability to provide services and maintain personal and professional relationships (Craig Sprang, 2010).When a counselor is suffering from compassion fatigue, he or shes ability to listen with empathy becomes compromised, the counselor may unconsciously avoid the traumatic material brought by the client in an effort to maintain the integrity of the counselors world view (Alkema et al., 2008 Bride et al., 2007). For instance, the counselor will tend to remain silent when he or she is unable to attend to the clients traumatic material. Instead, the counselor will redirects the conversation to less disturbing material that is more pleasant to them (Alkema et al., 2008).Moreover, as Adam et al. (2006) pointed out, counselors who are suffering from compassion fatigue may hurt their clients by placing their own needs above the needs of the clients. They may tend to avoid the discussion of the traumatic content as a intend of protecting themselves from go on exposure. According to Bride et al. (2006), avoidance of clients traumatic issue in counseling comprise a degree of unethical practice as it except isolates the client in his or her psychological pain and suffering. As a result, the counseling alliance may be damage and will lead to further suffering for the client and puts the counselor itself at risk for injuring other clients. Besides that, it is important to note that counselor with compassion fatigue is more likely to develop a sense of isolation, exhaustion and professional dissatisfaction. Therefore, compassion fatigue has the potential to rob the professional of his or her sense of well-being if left unaddressed (Alkema et al., 2008 Craig Sprang, 2010 Figley, 2002).PREVENTIONS AND INTERVENTIONS subsequently years of clinical practice, counselors are being confronted with tragedies of life and depression (Hofmann, 2009). Therefore, they are at high risk of accumulated pain and sadness. Thus, if witho ut an appropriate way or the time to have positive experiences, it will increase the risk of compassion fatigue and distancing (Kinzel Nanson, 2000 Newsom, 2010). For that reason, the need for some kind of structured prevention, support, and strengthening processes is necessary in order to help the counselor to deal with indirect traumatization.Among the intervention methods, debriefing sessions are a good way to help a counselor with compassion fatigue decompress and normalize what they are experiencing (Kinzel Nanson, 2000 Pickett et al., 1994). During debriefing session, traumatic incident is discussed in a structured group meeting. Through debriefing, it can help the counselor to address the immediate psychological impact that he or she experienced from the client. Thus, through discussing and seeking assistance from other colleagues and caregivers who have had experience with trauma and have remained healthy and hopeful, it can assist the counselor to alleviate the traumatic symptoms (Pickett et al., 1994).In addition, the importance of regular professional supervision, before and after traumatic events, has been identified as essential, as is continuing education and training (Kinzel Nanson, 2000 Meadors et al., 2009). It is due to for the purpose to promote long-term coping with the consequences of the traumatic events, continuity of the supervision and training program is necessary. Moreover, the invention of supervision is to explore and reduce the impact of the painful client material on the counselors thinking and emotions. In the United Kingdom, personal supervision is a professional requirement for counselors and it may be provided by a clinical supervisor, manager, or peer (Kinzel Nanson, 2000).According to pre-existing studies, it had been recognized that self-hypnosis have beneficial effects on immune control, enhanced mood and well-being (Martin et al., 2010 Mottern, 2010 Ruysschaert, 2003). Besides that, clinical experience with clients and therapists reports also indicated that ones can recovering and lowering their overall level of stress through self-hypnosis (Martin et al., 2010). Therefore, self-hypnosis is an effective tool to help counselor in preventing compassion fatigue or in promoting compassion satisfaction. In stress management, counselors ability to let go do play a very important role in stress-resistance or resilience. Figley (1995) also sees let-it-go as an important aspect in the reduction of compassionate stress. Therefore, in effective counseling, it is important for the counselor to find ways to create some distance from the emotional pain that they experienced from their clients. According to Morttern (2010), practicing self-hypnosis in a regular basis is important step in promoting self-awareness and temporarily distancing oneself from the outside world. For instance, it is possible for the counselor who suffered from compassion fatigue letting go of intrusions and thoughts indirectly by imag ining thoughts as clouds, coming and going, and just noticing what happens (Mottern, 2010).Furthermore, counselors have to increase their own self awareness and live a healthy, balanced lifestyle in order decreases their vulnerability from compassion fatigue (Figley, 2002 Prati Pietrantoni, 2009). For instance, counselors can increase their self awareness by knowing their own triggers and vulnerable areas and learn to defuse them or avoid them (Bride et al., 2007). Besides that, counselors have to realize that normal responses to abnormal situations is true for helpers as well as victims. Thus, they should allow themselves to grieve when bad things happen to others (Figley, 2002). Moreover, it is essential for the counselors to set boundaries for themselves by develop realistic expectations about the rewards as well as the limitations of helping (Prati Pietrantoni, 2009). In brief, they have to become aware of any irrational beliefs that impair their well being throughout the help ing process.Last but not least, diversions and recreation that allow the counselor to take mini-escapes from the intensity of their work is absolutely essential to avoid from compassion fatigue (Alkema et al., 2008). Researches indicate that those that have the ability to turn their thoughts about work off are more resilient throughout their career (Alkema et al., 2008 Figley, 2002). For instance, counselors can express their feelings through writing in a journal, music or art.CONCLUSIONCounselors enroll themselves in the helping profession because they want to assist other in need. Yet, counselors can become so overwhelmed by the exposure to the feelings and experiences of their clients and leave them vulnerable for compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue, if left untreated, can spark a admixture of personality and generate a decline in general health of the counselors. Thus, it is of vital importance to treat the helpers or counselors with compassion fatigue so that it do not reac h a absurd situation where clients/victims are treated and helped, but those who help them experience such burnout that they can no longer function as mental health care providers or even continue their own life patterns as usual. Therefore, counselors and every mental health professionals must note and address the prevention steps in order to prevent compassion fatigue. In brief, compassion fatigue is a serious problem among members of the helping professions, but counselors will be able to get through it by acknowledging it, and staying connected to the good in their own life.

Sir Karl Poppers Falsifiability Claim Essay -- Sir Karl Popper Scienc

Sir Karl Poppers Falsifiability ClaimPopper asserts that it is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory--if we look for confirmations. Kuhn illustrates (page 6), in his discussion of cosmologies, that man needs a structure for his universe. Man needs to explain the physical comparison between his personal habitat and nature in order to feel at home. Explaining this relation gives meaning to his actions. Moreover, Kuhn says observation is a double edged sword (page 7). This sword can confirm or conflict with cosmology which can destroy the theory. Kuhn discusses the stargazer (page 7), who because of his own world view (via his specialty) will not verify Miltons image of the Milky Way as being broad and ample or Shakespeares muckle of stars as night candles. Those descriptions dont tell the astronomer how far away the Milky Way, the Sun or Jupiter happen to be. Observations (page 26) are only clues to a mystery. The schema created by the observer can affect the results. Therefore, observations like those discussed in the preceding sections could be collected and put in systematic form by men whose beliefs roughly the structure of the universe resembled those of the ancient Egyptians (page 26). Kuhn discusses the functions of a conceptual scheme (page 36). He indicates that a theory deriving from observations can also transcend them. Kuhn says that since the two cranial orbit universe is based on the human imagination of the obser...

Updike, Harry Angstrom and Me :: essays research papers

This is a prose-poem on Updike. It follows Updike through his Rabbit Tetralogy._______________________________UPDIKEJohn Updikes Rabbit tetralogy chronicles reflectively the decades since I first-class honours degree had contact with the Bahai Faith back in 1953. With the help of a Guggenheim Fellowship Updike was working on the first of these four books, Rabbit, Run, when I became a Bahai in October 1959. The book was published a few months later in 1960 and is the story of a young man, one(a) Harry Rabbit Angstrom, from a small townsfolk in the USA. The book concerns Harrys attempts to escape the constraints of life. In my teens I, too, lived in a small town and, although I could see the attractiveness of escaping from social constraints, I also left the need for a set of limits. I was only too well apprised of just how easily I could go beyond the appropriate limits. By the late fifties I could see what happened to those who did escape from lifes, from societys, constrai nts. I knew from personal experience by my early teens, by 1957, what it was like to be caught stealing, breaking and entering, going too far sexually, misbehaving around the family home, at school or with my play-mates and pushing the envelope of life. Had I read Updikes book, Rabbit, Run I think I would have had my need, my desire, for limits reinforced. The Bahai Faith provided that framework, those limits, at a exact stage in my life, my mid-teens. This Faith also provided that sense of the sacredness of life which is at the centre of Updikes work.When I was preparing to leave North America for Australia in 1970/1 people were watching the movie Rabbit, Run. It had opened just as I began planning to leave Canada in 1970. Rabbit Redux, Updikes sequel to Rabbit, Run came discover four months after I arrived in Sydney for what became my life in Australia. Harry Angstrom took to the road in 1971 in Rabbit Redux as I took to a different road in the southern hemisphere. Updike s final two Rabbit books took Harry Angstrom into the 1990s and his rather bleak hideaway and old age. The following prose-poem compares and contrasts my life with Harrys. Ron Price with thanks to Articles on John Updikes Works, in The New York Times on the Web.